Touchstone Revision

This is all of touchstone grammar revision from Units 6-12, excluding p119 and p111.

Grammar	Past Modals
+ve	I would/should/could have said no
-ve	I wouldn’t/ shouldn’t/ couldn’t have said no
Q	What would/could/should I have done?
Function	Talk hypothetically about the past: Would have – Imagine your behaviour in a situation Should have – Say what was right or wrong to do in the past Could have – Say the other possibilities of what was possible in the past

Grammar	Past Modals for Speculation
+ve	They must/could/may/might have had a disagreement
-ve	The couldn’t/ may not/ might not have had dinner
Function	Assume/guess what happened in the past based on what you know but without any evidence. Must – strongest certainty Could / may / might – less that 100% sure Couldn’t have is the opposite of must have

Grammar	Reported Speech
Direct	“My goal is to complete my book”
Reported	He said (that) his goal was to complete his book.
Q	He asked me if/whether….  Answer – Yes/No He asked me what/how/where…
Function	To report what someone else asked or said by shifting one tense back. Things that are still true when reporting need to be kept in the same tense

Grammar	Talk hypothetically about the past with conditionals
+ve	If + past perfect, J past modal (would have)
?	What would have happened if he stayed in school?
Q	He asked me if/whether….  Answer – Yes/No He asked me what/how/where…
Function	Imagine a different past which didn’t really happen

Grammar	Past Perfect
+ve	I had met her before I came to university
-ve	She hadn’t spoken to anyone in days
Q	Where had she moved to?
Function	Talk about things that happened before an event in the past. Used to give reasons for why things happened in the past.

Grammar	So and Neither
+ve	So + am/do/was + J
-ve	Neither + am/do/was + J
Function	To show agreement with a positive or negative statement

Grammar	Causative get and have
+ve	I get/have my brother to fix my car
Passive	I get/have my car fixed at my uncles garage
Function	Used to show that you make/ask/persuade someone to do something for you

Grammar	Needs -  to be done/ doing
Passive Infinitive	The TV needs to be fixed
Verb-ing	The TV needs fixing
Function	Used to express that something should be done

Grammar	Tag Qs
+ve	+ve statement + -ve tag . Answer: Yes
Verb-ing	-ve statement + +ve tag. Answer: No
Function	Used to check information or to get confirmation/agreement

Grammar	Present Continuous and Perfect passive
Present continuous passive	Companies are recruiting workers from overseas
Present perfect passive	Companies have laid off a lot of people
Function	Talk about ongoing events which are usually temporary and events that started in the past and continued to and including now. The passive focuses on the receiver of the action rather than the doer

Grammar	Future Continuous
+ve	I’ll be working in health care in a few years
-ve	I won’t be working in this job
Function	Talk about ongoing activities in the future. Might/May is used instead of will to show less certainty – or adverbs of probability before will (probably)

Grammar	Future Perfect
+ve	I will have graduated by then
-ve	I probably won’t have had much experience
Function	Talk about events that will be completed by a certain point in the future.